Southern Folk Artist & Antiques Dealer/Collector: August 2012

Pier Table Late Neoclassical (Empire) style, c. 1822 Baltimore; attributed to Hugh Finlay & Co. (fl. 1803-1830)

Founded in 1729, Baltimore is the largest U.S. seaport in the Mid-Atlantic and is situated closer to major Midwestern markets than any other major seaport on the East Coast. Because of this feature grain coming from the West came to Baltimore’s port first to be exported, passing up other big city’s like Philadelphia and New York city. By 1803 Baltimore was America's 3rd largest city behind New York and Philadelphia. Baltimore became a very rich and powerful city during the late 18th century and early 19th century. During this period wealthy Baltimorean's indulged in taking the "Grand Tour" of Europe and brought back to Baltimore fine furniture, exquisite decorative arts and paintings to furnish Georgian & Federal style Town houses and Summer Homes built in the classical style just outside of Baltimore city. Some of the fine luxury items brought back from Europe would influence local decorative arts and furniture.

A Classical Marbleized, Grained, and Stenciled Pier Table Decoration attributed to Hugh Finlay (1781-1831), Baltimore, 1820-1825

Settee by Thomas S. Renshaw (b. ca. 1780) and John Barnhart, Baltimore, MD, 1814–1829. Maple, tulip wood, walnut; with polychrome and gilt and bronze decoration

During this period was Baltimore's greatest growth as a commercial and cultural center in America. Baltimore's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States and a major manufacturing center. Some of the immigrants came to Baltimore with highly skilled trades such as Cabinetmakers, silversmiths, architects, artist etc, ect. Theses artisans came to the growing port city of Baltimore with some of the latest designs from Europe and greatly influenced local architecture, furniture, art and decorative arts.

Sofa Late Neoclassical (Empire) style, 1832 Baltimore; made by John Finlay (fl. 1799-1840)

Baltimore grew swiftly in the late 18th century as a granary for sugar-producing colonies in the Caribbean. The profit from sugar encouraged the cultivation of cane and the importation of food. The Caribbean was so busy growing sugar and little of anything else the grain grown in American was imported from the port of Baltimore into the Caribbean to feed the people and was greatly depended on at this time making Baltimore a very wealthy city.

A Baltimore classical sofa painted Pompeii red with gilt and flower decoration circa 1815-1825

A distinctive local culture started to take shape, and a unique skyline peppered with Classical portico churches and elegant marble monuments developed. Baltimore acquired its moniker, "The Monumental City" after an 1827 visit to Baltimore by President John Quincy Adams. At an evening function Adams gave the following toast: "Baltimore: the Monumental City- May the days of her safety be as prosperous and happy, as the days of her dangers have been trying and triumphant."

Armchair made in England repainted in Baltimore Early Neoclassical (Sheraton) style, 1790-1810 England/Baltimore; repainting attributed to John and Hugh Finlay

America during this time has very few real architects working but Baltimore was lucky to have the best architects of the period working here rebuilding the port city into classical acropolis. The English Benjamin H. Latrobe, The Frenchmen Maximilien Godefroy and America's first trained architect Robert Mills, Created a newly built handsome city in a ancient Greek and Roman style. Baltimorean's could not wait to furnish there red brick Federal style row houses and Palladian style Summer homes with Fancy classical archaeological shaped furniture painted with local buildings and homes all trimmed in gold gilt! in the latest fashion.

A view of Hampton painted on its crest rail.

1830's Baltimore Fancy chairs in the Study of Riversdale Plantation. Riversdale, MD

Baltimore painted "Fancy" furniture from the period of 1790-1840 is unique in that Baltimore fancy furniture is considered to be some of the finest made in America as well as it seams more painted furniture was produced in Baltimore then other East Coast city's like Philadelphia or New York. Also a great deal of the Fancy furniture produced in Baltimore were made for export the to American South and other places. Newspapers as far a way as New Orleans Louisiana ran advertisements during the early nineteenth century advertising newly arrived shipments of Baltimore Painted "Fancy" furniture for sale. Baltimore painted furniture was also shipped to Mexico, Central America, South America as well as the Caribbean. Painted Baltimore furniture was enjoyed by the Wealthy, middle class and the poor alike. Very fine pieces commissioned by Wealthy early 19th century Baltimorean's are rare and costly today and most pieces are still in the family or in major American museums, Baltimore painted furniture made for the middle class and poor can be found in Antiques shops today.

Typical Baltimore Fancy painted black and gilt chairs circa 1820-1840

Typical Baltimore Fancy painted black and gilt chair circa 1820-1840

Typical Baltimore Fancy painted wine and gilt chair circa 1820-1840

Painted fancy furniture on the most part was less costly then locally made imported mahogany used in the furniture making industry. The hand carved details and in-lay on Mahogany furniture of the period cost more then a painted surface. Painted furniture were made of local woods like maple, walnut, pine & poplar, The painted decoration on Fancy furniture resembled carvings and costly imported gold gilt ormolu that you would find on American furniture of the period made of imported fine woods. Most of the gold gilt decorations on Baltimore furniture of the period consist of Classical elements taken from ancient Greek and Roman designs. Gilded acanthus leaves, bound fasces, rosettes, anthemia, Swains, sprays of leaves, acorn clusters and winged thunderbolts painted in gold were a Baltimore's Fancy furniture makers substitute for fine ormolu mountings. The gilt painted decorations were usually painted on top of a base color that was often black, but other base colors popular in Baltimore painted furniture are Ivory, Prussian blue, Antique Green, Cream yellow, gray and red. In Latter painted Baltimore furniture the piece was grained to look like Rosewood or mahogany with stenciled and freehand gilt and polychrome decoration applied on top of the grinning.

Baltimore fancy side chair Late Neoclassical (Empire) style, 1832 Baltimore; made by John Finlay (fl. 1799-1840)

Center Table Late Neoclassical (Empire) style, 1832 Baltimore; made by John Finlay (fl. 1799-1840) with “scagliola” top depicting a romantic landscape within an oak leaf border. The top would have been imported from Italy, where pieces of this stone-like composition material were made and decorated.

Pier Table Late Neoclassical (Empire) style, 1832 Baltimore; made by John Finlay (fl. 1799-1840) with “scagliola” top depicting a romantic landscape within an oak leaf border. The top would have been imported from Italy, where pieces of this stone-like composition material were made and decorated.

One of the most well known of Baltimore Fancy furniture makers were the brothers Hugh and John Finlay. Originally from Ireland and trained in Cabinetmaking there. The Finlay brothers moved to Baltimore at the end of the 18th century and set up a prosperous business on North Gay Street in the center of Baltimore's booming furniture making district. The Finlay's became the top producers of fine Baltimore Fancy painted furniture and seams to be copied by their contemporary fellow cabinetmakers as examples of inferior style pieces copying the Finlays survive today. One of the Finlay's most distinctive features on their painted furniture is the painted vignettes of local Baltimore architectural views as an element of decoration. The views on Finlay furniture mostly cover Baltimore homes and public buildings.

Pier table attributed to John (1777–1851) and Hugh (1781– 1831) Finlay, Baltimore, MD, 1800–1810. Maple; painted black with polychrome and gilt and bronze decoration, marble top.

Baltimore painted and gilt Fancy sofa circa 1820

Typical Baltimore Fancy painted black and gilt chairs circa 1820-1840

The Highest achievement of Baltimore Fancy furniture came In 1809. Under the Madison's Benjamin H. Latrobe remodeled the interior of the White House and used the Baltimore shop of the Finlays to furnish the oval room of the White House with beautiful painted delicate Fancy furniture that Latrobe design himself. Latrobe's drawings of the furniture is the only thing that exist from this highly important set of Baltimore painted furniture as the British burned the White House shortly after the oval room was decorated.

A Baltimore painted and gilt pier tale early 19th century

Typical Baltimore Fancy painted and gilt chair circa 1820-1840

From my collection a Baltimore painted and gilt side chair circa 1830-1840

From my collection a Baltimore painted and gilt pier table with King of Prussia marble top

Because Baltimore Fancy furniture has painted surfaces a lot of it did not far well over the years, Surfaces were reworked, touched up, over painted or stripped of it's paint. Legs on tables and chairs were cut down, Baltimore seated furniture of this period mostly had caned or rush seating made to accommodate a silk or satin seat cushion. Over the years some of theses pieces became upholstered. If you are in Baltimore there are 3 places where you can see good examples of Baltimore painted Fancy furniture. They are the Baltimore Museum of Art, When you are finished looking at there wonderful collection take a 2 min walk over to Homewood house museum on the campus of Johns Hopkins built in 1801 as a Summer home and you will see how Baltimore Fancy furniture were incorporated into a Baltimore home of the period. Outside of Baltimore city in Towson, MD is Hampton National Historic Site a 18th century Georgian mansion, elegantly furnished with original Baltimore painted Fancy furniture made for the family. If you would like to collect Baltimore Fancy furniture chairs show up more then other items and could be bought for as low as $50. for one Baltimore Fancy chair. Pieces like sofa's settees, tables are rare and cost a great deal more. But price should be adjusted according to condition of a painted piece. Major museums like the Metropolitan in New York city and Winterthur in Winterthur, DE has amazing collections of some of the finest Baltimore Fancy furniture on view in there collections.

The parlor of Hampton Mansion showing original Baltimore painted Fancy furniture

Card Table Baltimore, c. 1815 Maker: Thomas S. Renshaw (active in Baltimore 1810-1816) Painter: John Barnhart (active in Baltimore 1814-1829)Wood with polychrome and gilt decoration

Detail of Card Table Baltimore, c. 1815 Maker: Thomas S. Renshaw (active in Baltimore 1810-1816) Painter: John Barnhart (active in Baltimore 1814-1829)Wood with polychrome and gilt decoration

Early 19th century painted Baltimore music stand

A very fine painted Baltimore marble topped pier table at Winterthur

A painted Fancy Baltimore card table early 19th century

Typical Baltimore Fancy painted black and gilt chairs circa 1820-1840

Detail of a painted Romantic panel painted on a Baltimore card table

A Baltimore card table early 19th century

A early 19th century painted Fancy Baltimore card table and side chair

John and/or Hugh Finlay, Grecian Couch, 1810-1840, walnut, cherry; white pine, poplar, cherry

A painted Baltimore sofa circa 1820-1830

A Baltimore side chair in the Greek style

A early 19th century painted Baltimore settee attributed to John (1777–1851) and Hugh (1781– 1831) Finlay

Pier table attributed to John (1777–1851) and Hugh (1781– 1831) Finlay, Baltimore, MD, 1800–1810. Maple; painted black with polychrome and gilt and bronze decoration, marble top.

Settee by Thomas S. Renshaw (b. ca. 1780) and John Barnhart, Baltimore, MD, 1814–1829. Maple, tulip wood, walnut; with polychrome and gilt and bronze decoration, cane seat